Morphological Diversity of Eight Bird’s Eye Chili (Capsicum spp.) Accessions Evaluated on Peatland in Palangka Raya, Indonesia

Abstract

Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum spp.) is an important horticultural crop in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, but the morphological profiles of farmer-grown accessions remain insufficiently documented. This study characterized qualitative morphological variation in eight accessions and explored their patterns of similarity. The accessions comprised three commercial cultivars (Rawita F1, Tiger, and Tiung) and five local accessions (P1–P5). Thirty-six qualitative UPOV descriptors were recorded, with 21 representative traits presented in the tables. The coded data were examined using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. The first two principal components explained 60.54% of the variation in the coded dataset, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 36.11% and 24.43%, respectively. Traits associated with accession separation included fruit shape, anthocyanin-related characteristics, leaf variegation, and leaf-surface features. At the 60% similarity level, the UPGMA dendrogram based on Gower similarity separated the accessions into three clusters: P5 formed a single-accession cluster, P1 grouped with P4, and Tiung, Tiger, P2, P3, and Rawita F1 formed the third cluster. P3 and Rawita F1 showed the closest morphological association within the third cluster. These findings document phenotypic differences among the evaluated accessions but do not establish genetic relationships or demonstrate adaptation to peatland. Further research should include replicated plants per accession, quantitative agronomic traits, and molecular markers.

References

Amalia, A. P., Terryana, R. T., Aswani, N., Nugroho, K., & Lestari, P. (2023). Analisis keragaman 8 varietas cabai berdasarkan karakter morfologi kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Vegetalika, 12(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.22146/veg.76984

Costa, J. C. G. D., Da-Silva, P. J., Almeida, R. M. V. R., & Infantosi, A. F. C. (2014). Validation in principal components analysis applied to EEG data. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2014, Article 413801. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/413801

Deviona, Syukur, M., Zuhry, E., Armaini, Yunandra, & Riska, F. (2023). Principal Component and Cluster Analyses of 20 Genotypes of Chilli (Capsicum sp.) Planted on Peatlands. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1228(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1228/1/012003

Gower, J. C. (1971). A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics, 27(4), 857–871. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528823

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (Eighth Edition). www.cengage.com/highered

Jaya, A., Elia, A., Antang, E. U., Octora, M., Ichriani, G. I., Dohong, S., & Sulistiyanto, Y. (2022). A study of agroforestry farming for tropical peatland conservation and rehabilitation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Mires and Peat, 28. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2021.OMB.StA.2368

Jolliffe, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2065), Article 20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202

Khanema, P., Srisuwan, A., & Manasathien, J. (2024). Effects of different plant parts and solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidation in large fruit Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Superhot). Food Research, 8(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(2).621

Khatun, R., Uddin, M. I., Uddin, M. M., Howlader, M. T. H., & Haque, M. S. (2022). Analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits related to yield in country bean (Lablab purpureus L. sweet) genotypes. Heliyon, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11631

Linting, M., Meulman, J. J., Groenen, P. J. F., & van der Kooij, A. J. (2007). Nonlinear principal components analysis: Introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12(3), 336–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.3.336

Mohammadi, B. (2025). Bioactive Compounds of Capsicum Species and Their Therapeutic Properties: A Comprehensive Review. Food and Drug Safety, 3(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.55121/fds.v3i1.838

Naveen, A., Hathiram, D., Supriya, P., Danakumara, T., Mishra, V. K., Sinha, B., & Harika, A. (2024). Multivariate Principal Component Analysis and Clustering Methods for Assessing Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes. International Journal of Bio-Resource and Stress Management, 15(Nov, 11), 01–08. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2024.5580

Ramadhanti, S., & Waluyo, B. (2021). Analisis keragaman dan filogenetik spesies cabai (Capsicum sp.) berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 9(4). https://protan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/protan/article/view/1547

Sahid, Z. D., Syukur, M., Maharijaya, A., & Nurcholis, W. (2022). Quantitative and qualitative diversity of chili (Capsicum spp.) genotypes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(2), 895–901. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230230

Sen, A., Yasmin, F., Sarkar, M. J., Rahman, M. O., Singh, A. S. H., & Rahman, M. A. (2026). Genetic and morphological traits diversity in germplasm of Aman rice (Oryza sativa L.). Discover Plants, 3(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-026-00503-5

Shrestha, S., Sharma, G., Stallworth, S., Redona, E. D., & Tseng, T. M. (2022). Exploring the Genetic Diversity among Weedy Rice Accessions Differing in Herbicide Tolerance and Allelopathic Potential. Diversity, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/d14010044

Singh, P. K., Shrestha, J., & Kushwaha, U. K. S. (2020). Multivariate analysis of soybean genotypes. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i1.27092

Verma, V. K., Pandey, A., Thirugnanavel, A., Rymbai, H., Dutta, N., Kumar, A., Bhutia, T. L., Jha, A. K., & Mishra, V. K. (2024). Ecology, genetic diversity, and population structure among commercial varieties and local landraces of Capsicum spp. grown in northeastern states of India. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1379637

Issue

Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025): Agritrop: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Arina Saniaty, Veronenci Yuliarbi Farlisa, Putri Aulia Rahmah

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.