Authorship Criteria

Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia enforces strict standards for authorship and contributorship to ensure accountability, transparency, and fairness in academic publishing, adhering to COPE Authorship and Contributorship Guidelines, the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, and the ANSI/NISO Z39.104-2022 CRediT Taxonomy.

1. Authorship Criteria

To be designated as an Author on a manuscript submitted to Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia, an individual must meet all four of the following criteria:
  1. Substantive Contribution: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work, as required by COPE Authorship Principles and defined in the NISO CRediT Taxonomy Roles.
  2. Drafting and Revision: Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content, referring to COPE Core Practices on Authorship and Contributorship.
  3. Final Approval: Final approval of the version to be published, in accordance with COPE Guidelines on Authorship.
  4. Public Accountability: Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved, based on COPE Guidelines on Accountability in Research.

2. Contributorship & The 14 CRediT Taxonomy Roles (NISO Standard)

According to NISO CRediT Guidelines, CRediT enables transparency in scholarly contribution and helps establish clear attribution and accountability. Authors are required to declare the specific roles of each contributor upon submission using the 14 CRediT roles:
  • Conceptualization: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
  • Data Curation: Management activities to annotate, scrub, and maintain research data.
  • Formal Analysis: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
  • Funding Acquisition: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
  • Investigation: Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
  • Methodology: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
  • Project Administration: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
  • Resources: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, laboratory samples, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
  • Software: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms.
  • Supervision: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
  • Validation: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
  • Visualization: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
  • Writing – Original Draft: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft.
  • Writing – Review & Editing: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision.

Implementation Guidelines (NISO CRediT):

  • Multiple Roles: A single person may be assigned multiple CRediT roles where appropriate.
  • Degrees of Contribution: Where multiple individuals share a role, degree of contribution should be specified as Lead, Equal, or Supporting, per NISO CRediT Guidelines.
  • All Contributors Included: The CRediT taxonomy applies to all individuals who contributed to the work; non-author contributors who do not meet all 4 authorship criteria must be listed under the Acknowledgments section with their designated CRediT role.

3. Role of the Corresponding Author

  • Primary Responsibility: The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of all co-authors in editorial communications and is responsible for CRediT role assignment, ensuring that all contributors are given the opportunity to review and confirm their assigned roles prior to submission, per NISO CRediT Recommendations and COPE Code of Conduct for Journal Editors.
  • Ethical Confirmation: The Corresponding Author ensures no qualified author is omitted (ghost author) and no individual is credited without consent or substantive contribution (guest/gift author), per COPE Flowcharts on Authorship Disputes.

4. Prohibition of Unethical Authorship Practices

  • Ghost Authorship: Omitting individuals who made significant contributions to the manuscript, which will be handled according to COPE Flowcharts on Unidentified Authors.
  • Gift / Honorary / Guest Authorship: Including individuals who have not made a substantive intellectual contribution based on seniority, position, or influence, which is strictly prohibited under COPE Guidelines on Ghost, Guest, and Gift Authorship.
  • Changes in Authorship: Any addition, deletion, or reordering of author names after manuscript submission will only be processed with formal written consent from all authors and a clear rationale provided by the Corresponding Author, following COPE Changes in Authorship Flowcharts.

5. Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools

  • AI Cannot Be an Author: Generative AI tools and Large Language Models (e.g., ChatGPT) do not meet COPE's authorship criteria because they cannot take legal or ethical responsibility for the manuscript's content, according to the COPE Position Statement on AI and Authorship.
  • AI Disclosure: If AI tools were used during writing, data collection, analysis, or image creation, their usage must be transparently disclosed in the Methods or Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, as required by COPE Policy on AI Tools in Research Publications.